Since 2013, Japan’s telecom market size has remained roughly stable (in JPY terms) with revenues hovering between ¥ 13.5n and ¥14.5tn, while 2012 saw total industry revenues fall below ¥13t. Japan’s mobile phone market meanwhile, is dominated by three mobile network operators (MNOs). These are NTT, Softbank, and KDDI, whose market-shares have been historically stable. While most operators own their own infrastructure, mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) have grown from 5% of Japan’s market in 2014, to nearly 12% in 2019. All three dominant-firms have associated MNVOs.
The complete text of the EPA, and Annexes, incorporating the Articles on fruit and vegetables, can be found on the following website of the European Commission: https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/japan/eu-japan-agreement/eu-japan-agreement-chapter-chapter_en
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Picture: Au Mobile Shop Shinjuku, Tokyo
Copyright: public domain
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